George Burroughs - Salem Witch Trials

George Burroughs - Salem Witch Trials George Burroughs was the main clergyman executed as a major aspect of the Salem Witch Trials on August 19, 1692. He was around 42 years of age.â Before the Salem Witch Trials George Burroughs, a 1670 Harvard graduate, experienced childhood in Roxbury, MA; his mom came back to England, leaving him in Massachusetts. His first spouse was Hannah Fisher; they had nine youngsters. He filled in as a pastor in Portland, Maine, for a long time, enduring King Philips War and joining different outcasts in moving farther south for wellbeing. He accepting an occupation as priest of the Salem Village Church in 1680 and his agreement was restored the following year. There was no parsonage yet, so George and Hannah Burroughs moved into the home of John Putnam and his better half Rebecca. Hannah kicked the bucket in labor in 1681, leaving George Burroughs with an infant and two other youngsters. He needed to get cash for his wifes burial service. As anyone might expect, he remarried soon. His subsequent spouse was Sarah Ruck Hathorne, and they had four youngsters. As had occurred with his forerunner, the main clergyman to serve Salem Villages independently from Salem Town, the congregation would not appoint him and he left in a harsh compensation battle, at one point being captured for obligation, however individuals from the assemblage paid his bail. He left in 1683, moving back to Falmouth. John Hathorne served on the congregation advisory group to discover Burroughs substitution. George Burroughs moved to Maine, to serve the congregation in Wells. This was close to enough the fringe with French Canada that the danger of French and Indian war parties was genuine. Kindness Lewis, who lost family members in one of the assaults on Falmouth, fled to Casco Bay, with a gathering that included Burroughs and her folks. The Lewis family at that point moved to Salem, and when Falmouth appeared to be protected, moved back. In 1689, George Burroughs and his family endure another attack, yet Mercy Lewis guardians were slaughtered and she started to function as a worker for George Burroughss family. One hypothesis is that she saw her folks slaughtered. Leniency Lewis later moved to Salem Village from Maine, joining numerous different displaced people, and turned into a hireling with the Putnams of Salem Village. Sarah kicked the bucket in 1689, most likely additionally in labor, and Burroughs moved with his family to Wells, Maine. He wedded a third time; with this spouse, Mary, he had a little girl. Burroughs was clearly acquainted with certain works of Thomas Ady, reproachful of black magic arraignments, whom he later cited at his preliminary: A Candle in the Dark, 1656; A Perfect Discovery of Witches, 1661; and The Doctrine of Devils, 1676. The Salem Witch Trials On April 30, 1692, a few of the young ladies of Salem leveled allegations of black magic at George Burroughs. He was captured on May 4 in Maine - family legend says while he was dining with his family - and was persuasively come back to Salem, to be imprisoned there on May 7. He was blamed for such goes about as lifting loads past what might be humanly conceivable to lift. Some around figured he may be the dull man discussed in huge numbers of the allegations. On May 9, George Burroughs was analyzed by judges Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne; Sarah Churchill was inspected that day. His treatment of his initial two spouses was one subject of the cross examination; another was his alleged unnatural quality. The young ladies affirming against him said that his initial two spouses and the wife and offspring of his replacement at Salem Churchâ visited as ghosts and blamed Burroughs for executing them. He was blamed for not absolving the vast majority of his youngsters. He fought his honesty. Burroughs was moved to Boston prison. The following day, Margaret Jacobs was inspected, and she involved George Burroughs. On August 2, the Court of Oyer and Terminer heard the body of evidence against Burroughs, just as bodies of evidence against John and Elizabeth Proctor, Martha Carrier, George Jacobs, Sr. furthermore, John Willard. On August 5, George Burroughs was arraigned by a stupendous jury; at that point a preliminary jury saw him and five others as liable of black magic. Thirty-five residents of Salem Village marked a request to the court, yet it didn't move the court. The six, including Burroughs, were condemned to death. After the Trials On August 19, Burroughs was taken to Gallows Hill to be executed. In spite of the fact that there was a generally held conviction that a genuine witch couldn't recount the Lords Prayer, Burroughs did as such, dumbfounding the group. After Boston serve Cotton Mather consoled the group that his execution was the aftereffect of a court choice, Burroughs was hanged. George Burroughs was hangedâ the same day as were John Proctor, George Jacobs, Sr., John Willard and Martha Carrier. The following day, Margaret Jacobs retracted her declaration against both Burroughs and her granddad, George Jacobs, Sr. Likewise with the others executed, he was thrown into a typical, plain grave. Robert Calef later said that he had been covered so inadequately that his jawline and hand distended from the beginning. In 1711,â theâ legislatureâ of the Province of Massachusetts Bayâ restored all rights to the individuals who had been denounced in the 1692 witch preliminaries. Included were George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Elizabeth How, Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker, Martha Carrier, Abigail Faulkner, Anne (Ann) Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury, and Dorcas Hoar. The governing body likewise offered pay to the beneficiaries of 23 of those indicted, in the measure of  £600. George Burroughs youngsters were among those.

Community Relations about Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Relations about Policing - Essay Example the individuals who are distinguished to work intimately with the police and participate in policing exercises have had the option to recognize and report the offenders. In any case, there are as yet those exercises that are directed by the police which will in general impede the achievement paces of network policing. This paper will talk about some of the issues to decide how they can be disposed of to guarantee that the dreams and missions of network policing are accomplished. It isn't just fitting that the police official gives high need to guaranteeing that the cops stay responsible, yet additionally fundamental that they get by as the pioneer of the police division. It is thus that there is a need to cooperate with different individuals from the police power just as the individuals from the open who collaborate with the conceivable law wrongdoers. One of the issues that the police boss continually stress over is the nonstop utilization of severity and unnecessary utilization of police power and powers. For this situation, the vast majority of the cops and approach producers need to think about such qualities of network policing that undermine the responsibility of cops (Peter, 2009). One of the most crucial issues in the individual cop or the whole gathering is the capacity to be responsible. This is the ground whereupon police administrators are performed. The extent of this is the cops are likewise the open specialists who have been approved by people in general to guarantee that they are remained careful consistently. For this situation, they are even obliged to utilize power when it gets important. In any case, a portion of the people exploit this position and are therefore engaged with exercises that uncover the abuse of their forces. Since a portion of these can't be distinguished by the directors or might be hard to find out the degree with which such administrations are given, the general population should be made mindful of what's in store. This likewise frames some portion of the network

Causes of Repetition Blindness

Causes of Repetition Blindness Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Causes of Repetition Blindness By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 03, 2020 Andy Roberts / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Have you ever had this happen to you? Youve spent weeks working on a research paper and have proofread it multiple times before handing it in for grading. When your instructor returns your paper, you discover that you made a mistake and repeated the words the the in a sentence resulting in points lost over a simple editing error. Frustrating, isnt it? This type of mistake is actually surprisingly common in what is known as a rapid serial visual presentation display, most often lists of words and sentences. In certain instances, people are actually remarkably poor at detecting repetitions. This failure to notice a second instance of the same thing in a series of words or images is known as repetition blindness. For example, read the following: I love Paris in the the Spring. Did you spot the second instance of the word the? These repetitions slip by us far too often, but why do we so frequently fail to spot two instances of the same word or image? Explanations for Repetition Blindness What exactly causes repetition blindness? A few different explanations have been suggested. One of the most basic accounts for repetition blindness is that the second occurrence of the word is not recognized as a distinct event, so the second word essentially become assimilated with the first occurrence of the word. For example, in the sentence she ate the noodles and chicken even though the noodles were undercooked, many participants would show very poor recall of the second instance of the word noodles. Some of the more prominent theories to explain repetition blindness: Researcher Nancy Kanwisher proposes that the phenomenon is the result of a perceptual problem often referred to as the types and tokens hypothesis. According to this approach, each stimulus in a sequence is recognized by the instance (token) of a category (type). When the same stimulus is repeated, it is identified by type but not tokenized. Because of this, the second appearance of an item is quickly lost from short-term memory before it can be recognized.Fagot and Pashler, on the other hand, argue that repetition blindness is the result of the memory-retrieval failure. In one experiment, they found that observers displayed repetition blindness for the second occurrence of a letter if subjects attempted to repeat the letters in the order of presentation. This effect disappeared if the participants repeated the letters in reverse order.Other researchers including Whittlesea suggest that poor encoding cues lead to an inability to accurately reconstruct a sequence. Observations Repetition blindness not only causes observers to miss words or letters, but it can also cause observers to create illusory words. For example, if the words lake, brake, and ush are presented rapidly, one after another, for about 100 msec with a 15 to 39 msec break between the words, observers report seeing lake and brush and are astonished when told that brush was never presented. (Revlin, 2013)

Feminism Of The 1960 S 1980 - 1507 Words

A.Abstract Feminism in the 1960’s-1980’s is a very different concept than Feminism in the 21st century. Back in the 60’s, feminism meant to fight for equal rights. Now, modern feminism means women-dominance. While the dictionary definition of feminism is â€Å"a range of political movements, ideologies and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women†, many modern feminists take this to the point of fighting for the â€Å"right† for women to dominate men. Many modern feminists support female superiority, rudeness, and demonizing men. B. First Wave of Feminism In the early 19th century, women were expected to have at least seven children. Higher level education was very unlikely. Women could not own property. American women were restricted in about every aspect of life. Their one goal was to marry well and start a family. Wages for women, if they did worked, were very, very low. It was not until the Married Woman’s Property Act, (1860) which legalized property ownership, joint custody and wage retention for women. The Seneca Falls convention was the first women’s right convention, which all attention to unfair treatment of women. First wave feminists were everything from radical liberals to conservatives. They got past their differences in the spirit of working together for womens’ rights. They were very willing to work within the political system and they understoodShow MoreRelatedThe Second Wave Of Feminism799 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay examines the question, â€Å"To what extent was the second wave of fem inism (in the 1960’s and 1970’s) successful in achieving equality for women?† The essay is introduced by describing why the second wave of feminism developed and the aims of this second wave of feminist. The essay is broken into two parts. The first part of the essay discusses the impact of women s rights activist on legislation. It is argued that the second wave feminist were unsuccessful in gaining equality in terms ofRead MoreThe Womens Liberation Movement1026 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the 60’s and 70’s carrying on to the 90’s. Without the Women’s Liberation Movement women wouldn’t have received changes in laws primarily regarding employment impacting on them moving forward in terms of equal opportunities. However there is still a there is still process to be made concerning employment and social roles for women to have equal rights as men. The Women’s Liberation Movement started in the 60’s during the second wave of feminism. Even though the 70’s were a time of changeRead MorePolitics Vs Patriarchy : A Comparison Of The Feminist Movements From The 1900 S1316 Words   |  6 PagesPolitics vs Patriarchy: A Comparison of the Feminist Movements from the 1900’s to Today â€Å"A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle.† -Gloria Steinem Feminism; a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. The history of feminist movements has been divided into three waves by feminist scholars. The first wave refers to the feminist movementRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreFinally, Black Feminism Highlights The Unique Experiences1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Black feminism highlights the unique experiences of Black women, but it lies in its commitment to justice, not just for Black women but for that of other similarly oppressed groups. An essential idea within Black feminism is intersectionality in that they argue that race, class, gender, sexuality, etc. are bound together (Garcia, 2016). In other words, white women and black women do n ot share identical experiences, despite all being female. 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It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century†¦ Each suburban housewife struggled with it alone†¦ she was afraid to even ask of herself the silent question – ‘Is this all?’† Authors such as Betty Friedan wrote about their struggles in novels and articles in theRead MoreWhy Stories Matter Convincingly Questions The Belief That Securing More Accurate Narratives Of The Past Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesproduction of academic feminism, cannot be included as part of its history. Why should the scope of feminist history be limited to only what feminist scholars have published? Important factors in feminist history may be found elsewhere thus Hemmings’s citation tactics ought to be employed there as well. The Fantasy of Feminist History: Conceptual Tools for Feminist Historians Joan Wallach Scott’s The Fantasy of Feminist History is a collection of new and old essays that focus on Scott s use of psychoanalyticalRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started in

Using Nonrenewable Resources And Its Effects On The...

My artifact was a flip project designed for students so that they could learn about nonrenewable resources and how their uses affect the environment. This flip went along with the Illinois Learning Standard for Science 4-ESS3-1, â€Å"To obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resource and their uses affect the environment.† I completed this artifact in August of 2014. I did a SMARTBoard lesson flip project and recorded it in a video so that students would be able to watch it at their own pace, unlike in class lecture. I combined an audio of my voice, a power point like presentation, lots of realistic photos, graphics, and gave many examples to enhance my students’ learning. I provided them with real-life examples so that they would have better knowledge and understanding on the subject matter before we met in class. By doing the lesson in a video, we would be able to have more time for activities and for students to share their ideas. Along with the video lesson plan I also created a quiz so that I could assess what the students learned after watching the video. According to the Illinois Professional Teaching Standard Knowledge Indicator 5C, â€Å"knows how to implement effective differentiated instruction through the use of a wide variety of materials, technologies, and resources,† I met the qualifications and demonstrated my understanding of this standard. I did use multiple tools in my artifact so that I could provideShow MoreRelatedRenewable Fuels And The Energy Issue1583 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigating whether a renewable fuel produces the same level of energy as an equivalent amount of nonrenewable fuel would be beneficial to help save Earth’s natural resources and is a very relevant and important science project. The purpose of this project is to figure out which type of fuels is most efficient. In my science project, I will be burning various types of renewable fue ls and non- renewable fuels and comparing the duration that they burn and comparing the temperature that they burnRead MoreGrowing energy demands, rising energy costs, and increasing concern about global climate change900 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove environment quality. Although nonrenewable energy resources are the main supplier to our energy system, they have many adverse effects on society and the economy. Nonrenewable energy resources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, have become our main energy source for a long time. We are used to cheap electricity and gas stations at every corner; however, it comes with a price. The first and most important issue is to conserve. Eventually, all nonrenewable energy resources will beRead MoreLandforms In Nebraskaa Lab Report838 Words   |  4 Pagesinfestation) on the human and physical environment. †¢ NESS 4.3.5.c Classify resources as renewable or nonrenewable resources. Materials: Social Studies-States and Regions- Fourth Grade. 2003 Know: Hemisphere Equator Prime Meridian Continent Relative Location Gulf Strait Isthmus Types of landforms Sea Level Piedmont Parts of a river Erosion Floodplain Tributary Hurricane Natural Resource Scarce Conservation Renewable Nonrenewable Understand: †¢ Students will understandRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects985 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Earth caused by the greenhouse effect due to the increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. There are many variables that are to be blamed for the cause of global warming. Because of rapid growth of population, people started industrializing and revolutionizing the way we live. In order to take care of the high demand of the needs of everybody, people started using and burning natural resources and fossil fuels. Overtime, these resources have been becoming even scarcer andRead MoreThe World After Running Out Of Fossil Fuels Would Be A1602 Words   |  7 Pagesfind new energy resources. Nowadays, many countries are reliant on energy from conventional sources like crude oil, natural gas, and coal. These sources are limited and they eventually will run out at some point in the future. Considering this fact and increasing demands for energy, the search for new energy resources is reasonable and it should be taken seriously. In recent years, renewable energy resources have proven as an interesting alternative to conventional energy resources. Renewable energyRead MoreHuman Population And Its Impact On The Environment921 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation grows to the point where it extends past the limit, the environment no longer has the capacity to support them and individuals must die to stabilize the population. Humans are no exception to this rule, as their populations are constrained by such density dependent factors as the availability of food, land, and other resources. Growth in the human population in particular, profoundly worsens the effect on the environment as well, based on the IPAT equation which states that population directlyRead MoreHuman Activity and Energy Sources968 Words   |  4 PagesEarth’s resources, for instance water, productive farming land and energy, outlines the basic foundations of our continued existence on earth. However, with the continued human activities, for example logging and charcoal burning, these resources are quickly being depleted. 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It was perviously thought carbon dioxide created warming however this is strongly disputed now as the correlation between

Elements Influencing The Research Essay - 758 Words

Elements influencing the believability of the research The article is well written, grammatically correct, well organized and succinct. The article uses no jargons and is very influencing. The article is well organized and contains all the necessary heading. The qualification and position of the author indicates a degree of knowledge in the effect of drugs on brain activities in Alzheimer’s disease. The title of the report is composed with eleven words, is of medium length. It is accurate, clear and unambiguous. The abstract provides overall view of the study conducted. It includes method, finding, conclusion and recommendation for future. However, purpose of the study and sample size and selection of the sample is not included in the abstract. Elements influencing the robustness of the research The purpose of study is clear and indicates what is to be studied. It states that the study was conducted to understand the possible mechanisms of action of different pharmacological regimes. The research report is not full report. It is a summary so it includes the introduction with few literatures and the purpose of study followed by the methodology section, the data analysis, the findings and discussion. There is a clear link between each heading but the theoretical framework, the research question and conclusion with further study is missing. There is no separate literature review. However, the literature used in the introduction portion develops the importance of why theShow MoreRelatedPSY 301 Week 5 Final Paper Social Psychology Bringing It All Together618 Words   |  3 Pageswith the subject matter of social psychology.†(p.22) This is a formal research paper and must be eight to ten pages in length. Imagine that this paper will be used as a reference for individuals wh o are completely unfamiliar with social psychology principles. This paper will provide them with an overview of the field, and explain the key principles associated with its practice. 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Compensation Management free essay sample

Compensation does not refer, however, to other kinds of eployee rewards such as recognition ceremonies and achievement parties. The ultimate objectives of compensation administration are: efficient maintenance of a productive  workforce,  equitable pay, and compliance with federal, state, and local regulations based on what companies can afford. The basic concept of compensation administration—compensation management—is rather simple: employees perform tasks for employers and so companies pay employees wages for the jobs they do. Consequently, compensation is an exchange or a transaction, from which both parties—employers and employees—benefit: both parties receive something for giving something. Compensation, however, involves much more than this simple transaction. From the employers perspective, compensation is an issue of both affordability and  employee motivation. Companies must consider what they can reasonably afford to pay their employees and the ramifications of their decisions: will they affect  employee turnover  and productivity? In addition, some employers and managers believe pay can influence employee work ethic and behaviour and hence link compensation to performance. The increasing competitiveness of the labour market and turnover of employees had resulted in nightmare in compensation planning. Apart from this, the growing demands of the employees and competitive salaries offered by multinational companies had almost resulted in a compensation war in certain industries. Therefore, the human resources managers and tax experts have to evolve proper compensation planning for High end and qualified employees. The components of compensation have to be devised in such a way that, it focuses on the growing demands of employees while retaining the competitiveness and profitability of the company.Compensation management, also known as wage and salary administration, remuneration management, or reward management, is concerned with designing and implementing total compensation package. The traditional concept of wage and salary administration emphasised on only determination of wage and salary structures in organisational settings. Pay is a difficult topic of conversation in most organizations. In fact, the topic is altogether taboo in many workplaces. It simply isn’t discussed unless absolutely necessary. And, when it is necessary, such as when a pay raise (or lack of one) must be xplained to an employee, many managers find themselves at a loss for words. As the dreaded date of such a discussion approaches, managers may begin checking their sick time banks to see if they can disappear for a day or two. While it may be a touchy subject, pay is a critical factor in the work lives of employees. Jobs are accepted or rejected based in part on starting salary and the opportunity for future increases in pay. Employees compare their pay to that of others in the same line of work. They constantly compare their pay level to their level of contribution, trying to determine whether the ratio of give and receive is a fair one. While it may not be a frequent topic of open discussion, employees think about pay often. Components of compensation:- Basic wages/Salaries:- These refer to the cash component of the wage structure based on which other elements of compensation may be structured. It is normally a fixed amount which is subject to changes based on annual increments or subject to periodical pay hikes. Wages represent hourly rates of pay, and salary refers to the monthly rate of pay, irrespective of the number of hours put in by the employee. Wages and salaries are subject to the annual increments.They differ from employee to employee, and depend upon the nature of job, seniority, and merit. Dearness allowance:- The payment of dearness allowance facilitates employees and workers to face the price increase or inflation of prices of goods and services consumed by him. The onslaught of price increase has a major bearing on the living conditions of the labour. The increasing prices reduce the compensation to nothing and the money’s worth is coming down based on the level of inflation. The payment of dearness allowance, which may be a fixed percentage on the basic wage, enables the employees to face the increasing rices. Incentives:- Incentives are paid in addition to wages and salaries and are also called ‘payments by results’. Incentives depend upon productivity, sales, profit, or cost reduction efforts. There are: (a) Individual incentive schemes, and (b) Group incentive programmes. Individual incentives are applicable to specific employee performance. Where a given task demands group efforts for completion, incentives are paid to the group as a whole. The amount is later divided among group members on an equitable basis. Bonus:- The bonus can be paid in different ways.It can be fixed percentage on the basic wage paid annually or in proportion to the profitability. The Government also prescribes a minimum statutory bonus for all employees and workers. There is also a bonus plan which compensates the Managers and employees based on the sales revenue or Profit margin achieved. Bonus plans can also be based on piece wages but depends upon the productivity of labour. Non-monetary benefits:- These benefits give psychological satisfaction to employees even when financial benefit is not available.Such benefits are: (a) Recognition of merit through certificate, etc. (b) Offering challenging job responsibilities, (c) Promoting growth prospects, (d) Comfortable working conditions, (e) Competent supervision, and (f) Job sharing and flexi-time. Commissions:- Commission to Managers and employees may be based on the sales revenue or profits of the company. It is always a fixed percentage on the target achieved. For taxation purposes, commission is again a taxable component of compensation. The payment of commission as a component of commission is practised heavily on target based sales. Depending upon the targets achieved, companies may pay a commission on a monthly or periodical basis. Mixed plans:- Companies may also pay employees and others a combination of pay as well as commissions. This plan is called combination or mixed plan. Apart from the salaries paid, the employees may be eligible for a fixed percentage of commission upon achievement of fixed target of sales or profits or Performance objectives. Nowadays, most of the corporate sector is following this practice. This is also termed as variable component of compensation. Piece rate wages:-Piece rate wages are prevalent in the manufacturing wages. The laborers are paid wages for each of the Quantity produced by them. The gross earnings of the labour would be equivalent to number of goods produced by them. Piece rate wages improves productivity and is an absolute measurement of productivity to wage structure. The fairness of compensation is totally based on the productivity and not by other qualitative factors. Fringe benefits:- Fringe benefits may be defined as wide range of benefits and services that employees receive as an integral part of their total compensation package.They are based on critical job factors and performance. Fringe benefits constitute indirect compensation as they are usually extended as a condition of employment and not directly related to performance of concerned employee. Fringe benefits are supplements to regular wages received by the workers at a cost of employers. They include benefits such as paid vacation, pension, health and insurance plans, etc. Such benefits are computable in terms of money and the amount of benefit is generally not predetermined.The purpose of fringe benefits is to retain efficient and capable people in the organisation over a long period. They foster loyalty and acts as a security base for the employees. Profit Sharing: – Profit-sharing is regarded as a steppingstone to industrial democracy. Profit-sharing is an agreement by which employees receive a share, fixed in advance of the profits. Profit-sharing usually involves the determination of an organisation’s profit at the end of the fiscal year and the distribution of a percentage of the profits to the workers qualified to share in the earnings.The percentage to be shared by the workers is often predetermined at the beginning of the work period and IS often communicated to the workers so that they have some knowledge of their potential gains. To enable the workers to participate in profit-sharing, they are required to work for certain number of years and develop some seniority. The theory behind profit-sharing is that management feels its workers will fulfill their responsibilities more diligently if they realise that their efforts may result in higher profits, which will be returned to the workers through profit-sharing.Approaches of compensation management There are 3P approach of developing a compensation policy centered on the fundamentals of paying for Position, Person and Performance. Drawing from extern al market information and internal policies, this program helps establish guidelines for an equitable grading structure, determine capability requirements and creation of short and long-term incentive plans. The 3P approach to compensation management supports a company’s strategy, mission and objectives. It is highly proactive and fully integrated into a company’s management practices and business strategy.The 3P system ensures that human resources management plays a central role in management decision making and the achievement of business goals. Paying for position Paying for person Paying for performance Because it is so important to employees, the issue of pay deserves to be clearly addressed. In spite of their hesitance, managers are capable of dealing with this sometimes difficult issue in a professional and effective manner. By keeping the following basic points about pay in mind, they can address virtually any pay-related topic with their employees in a professional and productive manner.Specificity is Key Pay is a topic with many different shades and a variety of implications. Whenever approaching the subject, it is important to work out the details beforehand so that specifics can be clearly communicated. For the manager, this means that the increase amount is nailed down before discussing a promotion with an employee. No chance of misunderstanding or false expectations can be permitted. Far too often, managers are apt to discuss generalities. â€Å"It will mean a good increase. † What exactly does that mean in terms of the employee’s monthly budget?If care is not taken here, good news can become the source of conflict and resentment. By the same token, if asked for a raise, the manager should request that the employee suggest a specific number that he believes reflects his value. Once the employee provides that number, the manager can do his homework and decide what, if anything can be done. The employee can then be given a definitive response. Pay is Relative What one employee considers a fantastic increase maybe an insult to another? Each individual has a unique set of creativity and competencies.Pay should be based on the performance, position and the competencies/skills the person is having. Pay is Not Created Equal Various forms of pay have different purposes. The two most common forms of direct cash compensation in most companies are base pay and bonus. Base pay is the annual salary or hourly wage paid to an employee given the job he holds, While bonus is typically (or at least should be) rewarded based on the achievement of a goal of the organization. Discussions about bonus payments should be as specific as possible. This is the opportunity to point out particular accomplishments that contributed to overall team or company success. Even if the bonus is paid to all employees based on a simple overall company profit target, the manager should use the opportunity to point out specifically how individual employees helped achieve that target. Distributing bonus checks presents a unique motivational opportunity for a manager. Handing money to an employee while discussing actions and behaviors he would like to see repeated, creates a powerful link between performance and reward.Discussions about base pay increases can be a bit different. Most companies claim to link their annual base pay increases to performance. In reality, however, base pay decisions take into account a variety of factors, including the relative pay of others in the same job, the company’s increase budget, market practices and where the individual falls within his pay range. Even when performance is a factor, the manager is faced with the difficult task of evaluating an entire year’s worth of activity and then categorizing it according to the percentage increase options allowed by the budget.It becomes very difficult to pinpoint specific employee actions or accomplishments as the reason for the increase. For these reasons, it’s appropriate for the discussion about base pay increases to be more general and balanced. Both strengths and weaknesses of the employee should be addressed. The actual increase is then based on an overall assessment, as opposed to a link with one or two specific outcomes. Any other factors that impact the increase percent, such as budget or pay range should be openly discussed as well. Development of a Compensation PhilosophyAll organizations pay according to some underlying philosophy about jobs and the people who do them. This philosophy may not be in writing, but it certainly exists. Pay maybe treated in a formal and structured manner at one company. At another, any appearance of structure is intentionally avoided so that decisions can be made arbitrarily. Either way, the approach taken reflects a fundamental belief about people, motivation and management. Before an organization actually develops a compensation plan, there are several questions that need to be answered.Taking the time to consider and answer these questions will make the both the process of developing and administering a compensation plan much easier and will result in the development of a compensation plan that more closely matches the organization’s goals and objectives. Managers often want to view each individual as a separate case. It is important to understand, however, that employees operate within a compensation system. A manager is wise to take the time to learn as much as possible about his company’s compensation system.

Zipcar free essay sample

It has a wide range of automobiles for its members to choose from including Volvos, mini coopers, pickup trucks and many more. Each vehicle has a designated parking space in a street or parking spot within the members’ area. It serves over 14 major markets in North America and Europe such as Boston, Portland, Vancouver, London and many others. Members are issued access cards. This allows one to unlock the doors in case the keys are still inside the automobile. They can make reservations online or by making a call. Zipcar allows its members to make reservations even up to a year in advance. It also offers an application on the iPhone. This application enables members to honk the horn so as to locate the car and also to unlock the doors. Zipcar charges an application fee only once along with an annual fee. These are charged depending on the market prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Zipcar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reservation rates vary depending on day of the week, model of the vehicle and the market. Gas and parking prices are included in the reservation rates. In 2007, Zipcar combined with Flexcar, a rival company, to build a car-sharing corporation with a nationwide reach. Zipcar has made significant contributions to the environment. This system of car-sharing encourages individuals to use cars only when they need to. Persons with their own cars tend to drive them whenever they want even when it is not necessary. This exposes the air to unnecessary emissions of carbon dioxide. On the contrary, Zipcars enable people to use cars when need arises. Therefore, use of Zipcar services greatly reduces air pollution. Environment In addition to reduction in levels of air pollution, the use of Zipcar services leads to reduced congestion on the roads. It also leads to reduced total mileage on vehicles implying that less fuel is used. The significance of Zipcar to the environment and the local communities is quite apparent in that it has become very important in the metropolitan transportation mix. A number of residents in urban areas have increased their use of public transportation, with a number of them getting rid of their own cars so as to make use of car sharing services such as Zipcar. The most effective way of reducing emission of greenhouse gases into the environment is by reducing the number of vehicles on the roads. This is what Zipcar aims to do through their car sharing services. The more individuals are encouraged to use this car-sharing service the less they make use of their own personal vehicles, thereby reducing congestion on the roads. As Zipcar progresses, it seeks to find even more ways to protect the surrounding and reduce risks that the environment is exposed to. Segmentation Market segmentation refers to the division of the targeted market into subsets so as target prospects that will give the highest returns. A market segment is a section of individuals with like traits that make them demand the same products and services. Market segmentation allows a company to focus their resources on market segments that yield the highest returns. An effective market segment is one that has its own unique needs. Individuals in this segment have the same needs. In addition, reaction of the members of this segment to market stimuli should be the same. Market segmentation can be done on a number of bases. Zipcar has done this on four bases. Its market segments are consumers, businesses, government and universities. It targets the consumers so as to provide them a less expensive hence cost effective means of transportation. Car rentals and car ownership are becoming quite expensive especially in the current economy thus individuals are embracing this system of car ownership (Leboyer, 2009). Another market segment for Zipcar is businesses. Businesses that require a lot of transport for their goods may need cheaper ways to do this. Zipcar provides a cost-effective avenue of transporting items. Zipcar is also available in a number of universities. Students in the campus are constantly looking for ways to minimize their expenditure. It would be very expensive or a student in the campus to maintain a car they own or to rent a vehicle when they need one. Thus, car sharing services such as Zipcar are highly effective in universities and the trend is catching on quite fast. The last market segment for Zipcar is the government. It works with the government to substitute and expand fleets. Before Scott Griffiths became its Chief Executive Officer, Zipcar operated more like a nonprofit organization targeting those close to where Zipcar was situated. Scott Griffiths came up with ways to increase its market base and make it a high profit earning company. Zipcar’s marketing strategy at the time was very costly, and a cheaper means of advertising needed to be found. Though there were advertisements everywhere around the city, individuals were not signing up to enjoy the services Zipcar offered. Marketing Strategy Scott Griffiths came up with ways to minimize advertising costs and reach more people at the same time. In public places such as movie theatres, there are posters of Zipcar and brochures of the organization and what it has to offer are issued out to the public. Zipcar aims to make everyone aware and willing to use their car sharing services. Zipcar has faced a number of challenges and also has many competitors in the same industry. Major competitors include U Car Share, PhillyCarShare and Co-operative Auto Network. They are classified as major competitors because they share the same market and have similar organizational forms. Zipcar operates in many major markets, thus the system of leadership is decentralized. Each market has its own manager and staff. This may lead to lack of proper communication due to lack of direct contact. Different branches may have different organizational cultures. This leads to the difference in opinions and leads to unnecessary disagreements. Lastly, though Zipcar recently added accommodation for disabled persons, it does not provide enough information about it on their website. This may discourage prospective consumers from joining. Zipcar should, therefore, aim at maximize visibility of all options on their website. Awareness is the first stage of customer loyalty and is an inevitable stage if a company a business has to have clients. Zipcar has seen most of its customers passing through his stage. Given the fact that most of the clients in the company are return clients, there is a clear indication that many are aware of existence of Zipcar. What remains to be of concern to Zipcar is the ability to convert those that are already aware of the company and the expeditions it offers. Exploration is the second most important stage in customer loyalty. Taking a look at the Zipcar, we find that awareness is on an average level. This is demonstrat ed by the fact that most of the clients to the company come from neighboring states. Most of, would be customers, fail to develop interests in the using the company services which makes them not to enquire on what the company has to offer. Familiarity is what has made many that are joining the company to always participate in and come back for the services. The fact that most of those that participate in biking come from neighboring states present an issue, which is familiarity. Commitment is the stage that Scott Griffiths would wish to always achieve and maintain. The level of commitment of customers of Zipcar is high. This is demonstrated by the repetitive participation of customers in the expeditions. This means that such customers are satisfied with whatever the company offers. If it were not so, the company would not have been witnessing eighty percent participation of past participants in its motor expeditions (Leboyer, 2009). SWOT and PEST Analysis The company’s strengths include the fact that Zipcar aims to find out exactly what consumers need and how to satisfy those needs. When Griffiths became the CEO of Zipcar, he found that that people were aware of Zipcar and the services they offered but did not trust them. Therefore, Griffiths came up with ways to make Zipcar more accessible to residents. Scott also increased the makes and models they currently had so as to better fit the needs of the younger generation who required fancier cars. In addition to this, strength of Zipcar it the use of technology to satisfy consumer needs. An example of this would be automated access by members using the Zipcard. As explained before, the Zipcard allows members to unlock the doors. Information about Zipcar is available on the internet making it easier for consumers to make reservations and get more information on Zipcar locations. Zipcar has had a number of innovative unions, for example, with the iPhone. Zipcar has an application on the iPhone that allows members to honk the horn to locate the cars and to unlock them, as well. Zipcar collaborated with universities to make their services accessible to students. It got the universities to pay for insurance. However, Zipcar also has several weaknesses as an organization. First, all Zipcar operations are dependent on technology. This includes the billing system, reservations, and many other functions. This suggests that if something were to go wrong with the technology say hacking, for example, then Zipcar would face a lot of damage. Zipcar should ensure protection of its data through constant backups. Zipcar has lots of opportunities in this market if they will take quick advantage of it before their competitors. Consumers aim is to save money. They go for options that are most convenient to their needs. Thus, Zipcar needs to focus on getting non-members to believe that they actually need their car sharing services. They can do this by use of demographics and extensive advertising. Zipcar is mainly used during the night and on the weekends. Zipcar should look for ways to encourage members and non-members to make use of their services during the day so as to maximize their profits. Zipcar can also increase its market base by looking into the opportunity to reserve cars for long distances and one-way trips. Zipcar should also look into ways of retaining student members even after graduation (Smith, 2011). There is also an opportunity for growth in transit connections, Zipcar should, therefore, look or ways of maximizing on that. Zipcar faces a number of threats including competition from nonprofit car sharing companies. Consumers may prefer to join this companies rather than Zipcar which is not a nonprofit organization. Additionally, Zipcar aces threats from rental companies that are now offering car sharing services, as well. The ever increasing fuel prices are also proving to be quite a challenge for Zipcar. This is because even though they transfer additional costs back to the consumer, they cannot charge prices that are too high as they will lose their customers (Leboyer, 2009). Using the PEST analysis, Zipcar also faces a lot of challenges. Zipcar is a company; therefore, it has to adhere to company policies as stipulated by the law. It, therefore, has to keep in line with ever changing laws. Political interference is also an issue. However, the political status of the United States is stable at the moment. The company faces an uphill task of maintaining its neutrality on governance issues especially during the electioneering period. Operating in a federal state, Zipcar faces a great challenge of having to comply with by-laws that may differ from one state to the other (Capon, 2009). The current economy is not very stable and this presents a problem for Zipcar. The cost of living has gone up and people look for ways to minimize costs. Zipcar has to look for ways to attract its customers and convince them that it is the cheaper option. Socially, Zipcar is embraced by the society and with the increase in a variety of cars available to consumers; it has been able to increase its popularity. Zipcar operations depend majorly on technology. It is paramount, therefore, that Zipcar is aware of changing technology and that it changes with changing times. Conclusion Zipcar at the moment has partnered with a lot of companies which has made it easy for them to penetrate the European market. Zipcar has also has also developed an apple application that honks car horns and unlocks some Zipcars. In June 2010, the company filed registration process for the initial public offering. The company finally went public when the first Initial Public Offering in April 2011 raised more than $174 million by issuing 9. 68 million shares. They exceeded their target during this process. Goldman Sachs amp; Co. and J. P. Morgan Securities LLC are acting as the joint book-runners for the offering. Cowen and Company, LLC, Needham amp; Company, LLC and Oppenheimer amp; Co. are acting as co-managers. The reason for going public was to help raise funds for debt repayment and expansion of the business. They needed more working capital to help develop new services, sales, marketing activities, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. Zipcar has overall membership of over 400,000. This is a sensitive market hence every marketing strategy used by the company reflects in its overall operations. Car sharing reduces parking commotion in cities and provides services to its customers. Since the benefits are intangible, the company focuses on satisfying their customers to maintain and improve its market share. Consumers’ great influence is value, utility, and benefit of the product or service. The decision- making process involves stages that the marketer can influence and intervene to attract customers. Recommendations The marketer should trigger the need of the consumer and know the time to emphasize its product or service to consumers to survive in the market. The marketers should put efforts to establish its distribution channels and the location of the business to access more customers to improve profits. Markets should have a comprehensive marketing strategy to produce better results and acquire customer loyalty. The company should take time to analyze its competitors in order to formulate and implement programs that are customer focused. The marketer should identify changing goals of consumer trends in future consumer behavior to ensure a good future performance of the company. The researcher should conduct effective and reliable market research to help the company making the right decision in the process of marketing its product or service. Zipcar has so far done well with its marketing strategy. However, with increased competition and other challenges, the company needs to devise other ways of marketing its products. This can include short term price concessions. This will enable the company to continue expanding while at the same time maintaining its existing clientele. Price concessions would easily boost up the sales of the company given that Zipcar’s products are price elastic. This strategy would also work well for the company given that its competitors have less financial power to compete on the basis of price concessions (Pride, 2011). Groupon and Linvingsocial is another great resource they should be taking advantage of. These are companies that aim at giving customers services at discounted prices while helping companies create awareness of services they have to offer. These two companies have become very popular to young adults, graduates and new parents. New deals on these sites everyday are sorted out by lots of clienteles who want to enjoy freebies during this recession period. Using such marketing schemes will help build awareness for Zipcar while creating a new set of customers. Zipcar also needs to invest more on e-mail marketing. Zipcar can use e-mail marketing strategy to developed and expand its clientele. This can be done through linking its services and or portal to emails through permission channels. This would make it possible for a person surfing to get more information about Zipcar deposited on their mails. It should be done in a manner that would enable information on up-coming expeditions deposited into the e-mails of subscribers. E-mail marketing of Zipcar should be designed to provide feedback mechanism. This means that hyperlinks and hypertexts should be incorporated in its design to enable bloggers to get into Zipcar portal in the shortest time possible. E-mail marketing would be far much better than print mail advertising. This is because e-mail advertising would provide for. I major advantage they should be exploring is franchising. This will enable them grow very fast in the global market rather than just relying on merger and acquisitions only. Reason why is because the local market knows their customers already and would be easier to convince the community of the benefits of Zipcar. The trust of a local owner in a developing country is highly beneficial for the company who is aiming at going global. The communities will not see Zipcar as a corporation who is trying to impose their eco-friendly values on them but as a business that understand their needs and is ready to offer its services to ease their everyday struggle. Reference Pride. W. (2011). Marketing. New York. Cengage Learning. Smith. T. (2011). Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts, amp; Establishing Price Structures. New York. Cengage Learning. Capon. N. (2009). Capons marketing framework. London. Wessex Publishing Basenese, Louis. Zipcar, Inc. : steer clear of the â€Å"winner’s curse† (Part 2). 2011. Web. June 29, 2011. www. Zipcar. com

Effects of Videos on Youth essays

Effects of Videos on Youth essays Our youth has grown up with MTV, BET and because of the entertainment value of these entities our youth have been led astray. Some of our youth cant distinguish between reality and the entertainment that the aforementioned media giants are feeding us. The trend toward baggy pants and hair that is uncombed has come from this culture that has prevailed the last ten years. Our youth have adopted every trend that has been shown through these mediums. The reality is that this has led to some behavior and dress that is not appropriate for all venues. The fascination with entertainers and athletes is not strictly a hip-hop generation thing but in this country Hollywood stars are treated like royalty. We need to do more to make Mac-Arthur genius award recipients, for example, as celebrated as Allen Iverson and Jay-Z, but we're up against resilient forces. One thing that obsessive video viewing has done is to create for our youth a false sense of reality. For example our youth think that the lifestyles that are portrayed in the videos are real and not just for entertainment value. Kids imitate the behavior that they see on the screen and sometimes this leads to disrespect and other issues especially at schools. If you ask a youth what they think about the videos you will get the sense they think that they are real life situations that people are living and never consider that these are staged scenes similar to going to a club where your environment is controlled for a specific mood. The image bite has replaced the sound bite. This is one of the complexities about hip-hop. Hip-Hop gains access to public space in the context of popular culture. In that space various sub cultures converge such as elements of prison culture and street culture, for example. The older generation has a responsibility to become savvier in deciphering these cultural convergences. A good place to start is to make a distinction between hip-hop culture and Bla...

Its a bit long so I explained it in order instructions Essay

Its a bit long so I explained it in order instructions - Essay Example And so is the case with the article, â€Å"Are Human Rights Universal?† by Shashi Tharoor. The first objection has its roots in the philosophical grounds, which claims that the world has been inhabited by different cultures since the time immemorial and it always has been the case that the values and the rights of a certain society have been in relevancy to the culture in which they exist; and so to simply rule out the underlying assumption of culture and impose universal charter of human rights would be a practical fiasco. Moreover, in many of the places other than the west, people are not generally granted the same kinds of rights – the reason being the cultural differences, for example, as mentioned by the author, the Confucian or the Vedic traditions where they consider duties to be more important than the rights; or the African societies, for that matter, where they deem the group rights have a preference over the individual rights and the decisions are made accordingly. Other than this, the author states that in many of the developing countries, certain rights which are taken for granted in the west are simply not suitable for the societies of the existing third world countries, giving the example of paid vacations. The article suggests that the developing countries might not be able to afford such rights as they lack the basic developed infrastructure for the acceptable western standard of life, particularly because of the lack of the economic development. Another objection against the conception of universal human rights has religious foundations, where the critics of this realm argue that unless a certain idea is founded upon the values of God, it cannot be universal, and so for them the universal human rights agenda has no such basics. Other than the stated oppositions against the universality of the human rights, some critics also give another interesting insight. According to them, the idea of

Hybrid buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hybrid buildings - Essay Example Ancient hybridity began by home owners using animal skin amongst other animal and nature products to beautify their homes. Hybridity also began with experiments on human beings by cross-culturing different genes. It was later that this concept was brought to the design of homes such that homes in urban areas could have the richness and wholeness of nature (Joseph, 35). Homes in urban areas also laced space to extend their gardens and some architecture went as far as placing magnificent gardens on rooftops. The cost of land has continued to soar to sky high prices hence people have less land to beatify their compounds (Joseph 20). Programs have been developed to help make office space have auditoriums to enhance the greenery of the environment. Building serve more than one purpose such as office buildings having car parks too and even malls being developed to house various activities such as housing exhibition halls, hotels, clubs, swimming pool, libraries, among others. Making buildings multi-functional has helped ease congestion on land and reduce the cost of acquiring separate space for other activities (Joseph, 30). Many hybrid types have been and are still being developed. It is this ingenuity of architects that will help transform this century into something admirable for future generations (Joseph

Tourist Beach Resort For Extreme Sports Tourism Essay

Tourist Beach Resort For Extreme Sports Tourism Essay Architecture now days have become very utility oriented due to constraints of the current times. Practicing and producing functional architecture is not at all wrong but the word function itself is very involuntary. Just like machines which are proficient to do and achieve tasks for which they are programmed for but those performed tasks are impassive. One cannot develop any sense of belonging to a space or architecture unless there is something more than function involved into it which provokes the human senses and is capable of fluctuating human emotions and feelings. This thesis is conscious attempts to create functional architecture while keeping in mind the human emotions and sensory intensification. The basic objective is to create spaces which are not categorized by its volume and magnitude rather they should be acknowledged by their spatial experience. These types of experiences are critical particularly for such kind of building program involving leisure of tourism and extre mity of action sports. Incorporating human sensorial characteristic will not only augment the user experience but it will also increase the architectural character of spaces. INTRODUCTION http://2bawards.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/extreme-sports.jpg Man is a social animal. This is a clichà © but explains most of the social requirements and demands of human race. Socializing is not just about human interaction with each other but it is also about how a person interacts with and relates to his or her environment. For most of the people an environments starts to become suffocating if they happen to experience the same thing over and over again. Man needs change. It may not be a unvarying or permanent change but the human psychology demands change for some time at least. This type of design project and building typology is most suitable to explore the impacts of architecture on human emotions and moods and then apply it on spaces and over all architecture. As a tourist resort is a kind of a place where people actually come to relax, rehabilitate their energy, enjoy and experience something different. On the other hand extreme games also involve a lot of human emotions like anger, anxiety, fear etc. So for application of the respective research, in my opinion, this building typology is one of the most suitable. Man has managed to come up with many ways to cater to his needs of changing and environment. He called it recreation and leisure. There are two types of leisure: Passive leisure (minimal physical involvement) Active leisure ( optimal physical involvement) Both type of leisure facilities will be a part of program. The facility will incorporate the following: Water sports Extreme games Beach resort Others 1.1-Architecture and psychology: In day to day life we experience different type of situation causing different types of mood swings in us. These experiences come as a surprise to us most of the time. When we get out of our routine and go to an exhilarating activity like some excursion or some stimulating sports we tend to pre determine our moods. We try to be happy and feel happy along with many other positive emotions like thrill, excitement, positive anxiety etc. This can be translated into architecture by incorporating an over lapping field of neurology and studying impact of architecture on human beings. In my understanding architecture and building can be perceived in two ways: Interactive architecture. Interactive architecture is very much program dependant. The practical aspects of the buildings are fulfilled and users movement and functions are catered then its an interactive building. At the most five human senses are considered while designing. Active architecture Every form, space, color, space quality has certain impact on human brain when it interacts with 5 senses.-this is where interactive architecture ends. So we can say every space , form, color has an action on a user . A person reacts to it and hence EXPERIENCES THE TRUE SPIRIT OF THE SPACE. 1.2-Objectives and aims: To enhance architectural experience through sensory fluctuations (Anxiety, Calmness etc) in user using spaces, space formation, colors, textures, heights and other architectural elements. To translate the dynamics of extreme sports in the building form. To provide a platform to people to enjoy and experience such activities for the first time in Pakistan. 1.3-Need Of the project: Help in catering and improving the tourism infrastructure of the country. Studies show that if such spaces and activities are not provided to the youngsters they can indulge themselves in negative activities.(explained further in the next heading) Required in the urban fabric infrastructure of the second only city of Pakistan which is being master planned and this type of activity place has already been marked by the development authorities. Why do people play extreme sports? To get the answer to this question two qualified psychiatrists from CMH were interviewed namely D.Sana Naimat and Dr.Imtiaz Mubasshir.According to them people who are bored of life usually need a kick though everybody has a different genetic structure. They tend to have a reckless behavior if they require a change and they dont get it. Endorphins (hormones which actually makes a person feel good about his own self) are released at a certain heart rate after a person gets a kick according to his or her own genetic structure but usually the kick is in the form of an extreme behavior ,be it ecstasy, suicidal behavior or extreme sports. People tend to deal stress in different patterns usually by changing their environment. Sometimes these patterns are adaptive and sometimes these are maladaptive. So it can be concluded that extreme activities on the whole are a part of human nature and many human beings have the urge to do it in order to act normal and stay calm in daily life. Clients brief: For this project the client is The Ministry of Sports and Culture , Government of Pakistan along with a multinational company. At present Red bull in collaboration with Yamaha and Caterpillar showed interest in the project and presented a feasibility report to TIE. Project Supervision: This project is to be executed in the 3rd phase development of Gwadar which will take place around year 2030. Currently the first phase is almost complete in which the road and other infrastructure of the city is laid out. In 2nd phase utility oriented facilities are to be planned and constructed and in 3rd phase recreation and large scale institutional projects are to be developed and constructed. The client is Ministry of Sports and Culture and it wishes to create a platform for action sports in Pakistan where main and major extreme sports can be played and experienced on one platform under one roof. The project would be under the supervision of GDA(Gwadar development authority). The client wants to execute this project in Gwadar because multinational companies find the projects adequate for the city because of its thriving and hopeful future prospects. USER: The target user for this project is the youth and tourist of the country who enjoys scenic views, nature, and adventure, and likes to deal with challenging situations. Social Objectives: The intent of this project is not only to promote this new form of sports but also to promote and facilitate the tourism of the country. Gwadar has deep sea port and when it will be properly and fully functional it will eventually attract tourist from all over the world and this type of project fits and compliments the urban fabric of the city. It will also become a social spot for the city and the locality. The site falls in the tourism zone (according to the master plan of Gwadar) of the city and this area will become a focal point of tourism and recreational attraction not only for the citizens of Gwadar but also for people coming from other areas and countries. The main aim is to summon the youth under a roof to experience thrilling sporting activities in safe and monitored environment under proper supervision. By providing safe environment accidents can be avoided which happen because of the reckless behavior of youngsters seeking thrill on roads. Different level zones are provided for amateurs and professioals so that every adult and child can enjoy the facility according to his or her potential. The thrill seekers will not have travel to different places to enjoy the thrills of rock climbing on mountains or to the sea shores to enjoy water sports, people no more need to go to urban centers to enjoy the street sports like skate boarding and bmx stunts. This facility has it all under one emblem. Other than generating tourism and sports activities it will also help in strengthening local economy. These sporting events bring all sorts of people together and hence it helps developing some cultural trends and it also helps in promoting a countrys image in this age where world is now a global village. Site Location: Site is location on the Shore of Gwadar Sea in the tourism development zone. Site is towards the west of Koh-e-Batil and on the south of Pishukan road which leads towards the pishukan town towards padi zar. Feasibility: In the current scenario the trend in the world and specifically in Pakistan is to develop lavish real estates. A project like this are part of overall development and compliments the current trends of real estate development. In the pursuit of profitable development, leisure and entertainment has to be catered for. There is a high need of development of places for healthy communal activities for the public, specifically the youth of Pakistan to bring out their full potential. Scope of work: Developing a master plan. Experimenting with different type of spaces in order to facilitate different emotional and sensory experiences of a person. Other than the feasibility of the project according to the social context, this project is also a live project and is a part of the master plan of Gwadar developed under the supervision of GDA (Gwadar development authority) . Gawadr , A broader perspective Gawadar is said to be the next mega polis of Asia .Its warm waters and other potentials are reason for its hardcore progress. Gwadar is spread over an area of aprox.1.52 million hectares or 15,216 square kilometers. Gwadar is surrounded on the north by Kech and Awaran districts, on the east by Awaran and Lasbela districts, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Iran. Geographical position of Gwadar has major standing in the global trade routes. Sea routes leading to Gulf estates and eastern hemisphere of the world passes along Gwadar. Gwadar has all the distinct elements required for this project. It has a very massive water front which is a fatal requirement of this project. It also has scenic views all around it which can be very nicely incorporated into a tourist resort. 8.3-Land Use, Master Plan Phase-I GDA Description Land Allocation Land for Residential Projects 90,500 Acres(Extendable) Land for Commercial Projects 2100 Acres (Extendable) Land for Recreational Projects 13,500 Acres(Extendable) Land for Industrial, desalination plants, Airport, Railway Linkages, and Urban facilities.45,000Acres(Extendable) *Source: GDA As it can be seen in the master plan that the area selected for the project is near to the area allocated for tourism development. It is an advantage which will be fruitful for the facility. In their report about Gadar SMEDA (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority) states: District Gwadar as a coastal area has rich marine life and present viable opportunity for ecotourism. The district has untouched clear beaches which can be an attractive place for tourism. Kund Malir, Daraan, Asthola Island, beaches of Jewani, Guns and Ormara are some of the most beautiful tourist beaches. Asthola Island is located at a distance of 150 kilometer from Gwadar tehsil. It is an internationally recognized wetland and has numerous species of aquatic creatures. Hingol National Park is the largest natural forest of Asia, coastal highway run for 55 kilometers in the scenic mountains of this natural forest. Hingol National Park is also one beautiful tourist sight Wild life creatures like tigers, Ibex, goats and monkeys are found in this sight. At present, 6 hotels and resorts are operating in Gwadar, a major break through in hotel and tourism industry is the construction of a 5 start Zaver Pearl Continental Hotel at Koh-e- Batill, opposite to Singhar Housing Scheme in Gwadar. Potential exists for development of tourist resort and motels, seafood restaurants, country parks and beach sports recreation facilities. Ecotourism sector can be developed to its potential in Gwadar district as the number of tourist from Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore has remarkably increased due to the construction of coastal highway. There exist a very good opportunity for setting up country parks and other recreational facilities at Gwadar, there is great gap of amusement facilities in Gwadar, and the population requires recreational facilities, easy to mobilize large number of visitors to the facility and spending capability of people of the area. 8.4-Road Network: The creation of the Gwadar deep-sea port is now one part of a larger growth plan which includes construction of a system of road and rail network linking Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan, like the 650 km Coastal Highway to Karachi and the Gwadar-Turbat road (188 km). This system of roads links with China via the Indus Highway. 8.5-Development Projects Oman Oman has proposed $100 million support for the growth of community and infrastructure amenities in Balochistan. From that $100 million, Oman has given $7 million for the runway at Gwadar Airport, building of jetties, constructionof Gwadar Hospital, stipulation of 100 engines to fishermen and for building a power house. Oman is also sponsoring infrastructure of Gwadar-Hoshab Road. 8.6-Air Port: Gwadar has a huge airport for commercial airlines. There is a need for the extension of the airport and improvement of its landing strip to accommodate the landing of larger commercial aircrafts. 8.8-Strategic Importance of Gwadar: C:UsersAdministrator.Admin-PC.001Desktopthesissite1.JPG

History Of Hockey Essay -- essays research papers

For more than a century, hockey historians have found that precisely tracing the sports origin is not only a difficult task but, a virtual impossibility. Therefore I can only try to deduce for myself, from the records, claims, and accounts, which are available to me, when, where, and by whom the first ice hockey was played. I’ll also discuss the early problems and obstacles that the NHL encountered. Plus I will also tell a little bit about early equipment, along with early game play and ice conditions that players encountered. Lastly, the Stanley Cup, which is the most prized and oldest sports award of the NHL. It has been won many times, by many different teams. Ice hockey is traceable to games played on fields as far back as nearly 2500 years ago. In 478 BC, a Greek soldier, Hemostocoles, built a wall in Athens which contained a sculpture scene portraying two athletes in a faceoff-like stance holding sticks similar to those later used in field hockey. (Hubbard & Fischle r, page17) Perhaps native Americans were the first to play hockey like games. The Indians of Canada invented the field game lacrosse, which is known by the legislative act as Canada’s and national sport. The Alogonquins who inhabited the shores the St. Lawrence River played an ice game that was similar to lacrosse called "baggataway," played without skates and with an unlimited number of participants. French explorers who visited the St. Lawrence River area and northern areas of United States in the 1700’s witnessed these matches. (Hubbard & Fischler, page17) According to the dictionary of language of Micmacs Indians, published in 1888, the Micmacs of eastern Canada played an ice game called "oochamkunutk," which was played with a bat or stick. Another ice game played by the Micmacs was "alchamadijik," which was referred to in legends of the Micmacs, issued in 1894. (Hubbard & Fischler, page18-19) Early hockey-like games that came from across the Atlantic include the Field game Hurley from Ireland, field hockey from England, and the ice games English bandy and Kolven from Holland. Hurley is a ground game that is still popular in Ireland. It was originally played by an unlimited number of players representing one parish against another. A flat field hockey-like stick and a large ball were used. Irish immigrants, who came to work on the Shubenacadie C... ... to an end. 1918-19, The NHL continues to suffer bad times in the second season. Crowds remained sparse, even though the league tried to elict interest by adopting new rules to make the game faster and more interesting. During this season an very unusual thing had happened, for a first time ever the Stanley cup was not awarded, the reason why it was not awarded is because Canada was in the midst of a lethal flu epidemic in the which touched the a Stanley cup teams. The flu sent many players to the hospital, tragically some of them died 6-8 weeks later. Therefore the competition was held off and a cup of was not awarded. Never again has the Stanley cup not been awarded after post season. (Hubbard & Fishler, page 55-68) Over the years the NHL suffered similar obstacles, financial problems, wars, and the lack of fans, to about the 1924-25 season. After that season times started to become easier. More profit was being made by the owners, and more fans were attending the games. Ho ckey was becoming one of the most popular sports in all of Canada, which quickly spread to the U.S. Nowadays hockey is one of the most profitable and enjoyable sports throughout North America and Europe.

Review of Marketing Article

The article â€Å"Building Social Marketing into Your Program† by N.K. Weinreich provides overview of available techniques how to make social marketing key element of business. The author stresses the important of social marketing and social responsibility as everyone should realize the effects of own actions. Market research processes make social marketers fell exhausted and overwhelmed and, as a result, they may hesitate to pay proper attention to social marketing ignoring its importance. Often, social markets think that lack resources and work experience to undertake social project. N.K. Weinreich, the author of the article, identifies ten effective ways how to incorporate social marketing into business program. The author recommends talking to targeted customers, segmenting targeted audience, positioning the product, being aware of competition, following the audience, utilizing variety of approaches, using effective models, testing, building partnership with key allies, and, finally, seeing what it is possible to do the next time. Weinreich argues that evaluation is the key in social marketing and it is necessary to determine what is to be accomplished and how to improve the program. When developing any program it is required to refine and test products and messages with the targeted audience to avoid misunderstanding and misconception. After the program is implemented one should monitor activities to evaluate whether everything matches the plan. The key of social marketing is claimed to be talking as social marketing is customer-driven process. Importance for the Course I think that the current article is important to be referenced in course it is directly related with marketing study. The paper presents particular aspect of marketing – social marketing – and the author offers informative and well-structured analysis of how to build social marketing. Moreover, the paper is not simply theoretical as the author uses logical arguments and examples to defend her position that every modern business should consider the importance of social marketing as it gives an opportunity to retain and to attract customers, to improve reputation and to succeed in highly-competitive business worlds. Positives of the Article I agree that social marketing should be paid more attention as it promotes fair and honest customer-buyer relations. Social marketing teaches how to talk to customers, how to gain their popularity and attention. Moreover, social marketing aims at satisfying needs and wants of the targeted audience. Further, Weinrich says that information is power and I agree as information gives power to predict and to avoid risks and to develop ways of performance improvement. Negatives of the Article It is rather hard to identify moments I disagree with as the author provides in-depth overview of social marketing and its key elements. However, I think that more attention should be paid to discussing the benefits of social marketing in the introduction. The only thing I disagree is author’s recommendation to follow the audience. I think that successful social marketing should aim at offering services and products in such a way that they should attract customers and not vice verse. Questions 1. What are the main benefits of social marketing for business environment? 2. What are internal and external challenges of social marketing? 3. Why to incorporate social marketing into program? Future Impact Firstly, the article offers new ways of building social marketing programs. Secondly, the article underlines crucial importance of social marketing for business success. Thirdly, the article sets background for further researches in this and related fields. References Weinreich, N.K.(1995). Building Social Marketing into Your Program. Retrieved March 13, 2008                                    

Should the U.S. Census Count Undocumented Immigrants

The millions of undocumented immigrants living and often working in the United States are counted in the decennial U.S. census. Should they be? As currently required by law, the U.S. Census Bureau attempts to count all persons in the U.S. living in residential structures, including prisons, dormitories, and similar group quarters in the official decennial census. People counted in the census include citizens, legal immigrants, non-citizen long-term visitors, and illegal (or undocumented) immigrants. Why the Census SHOULD Count Undocumented  Immigrants Not counting undocumented  aliens costs cities and states federal money, resulting in a reduction of services to all residents. The census count is used by Congress in deciding how to distribute more than $400 billion annually to state, local, and tribal governments. The formula is simple: the greater the population your state or city reports, the more federal money it might get. Cities provide the same level of services — think police, fire, and emergency medical treatment — to undocumented  immigrants as they do to U.S. citizens. In some states like California, undocumented  immigrants attend public schools. In 2004, the Federation for American Immigration Reform estimated the cost to California cities for education, health care, and incarceration of illegal immigrants at $10.5 billion per year. According to one study released by the U.S. Census Monitoring Board, a total of 122,980 people went uncounted in Georgia during the 2000 census. As a result, the state lost out on some $208.8 million in federal funding through 2012, about $1,697 per uncounted person. Why the Census SHOULD  NOT Count Undocumented  Immigrants Counting undocumented  immigrants in the census undermines the fundamental principle of American representative democracy that every voter has an equal voice. Through the census-based process of apportionment, states with large numbers of undocumented aliens will unconstitutionally gain members in the U.S. House of Representatives, thus robbing the citizen-voters in other states of their rightful representation. In addition, an inflated population count resulting from the inclusion of undocumented  immigrants would increase the number of votes some states get in the electoral college system, the process by which the president is elected. In short, including undocumented  immigrants in the census count will unjustly bestow additional political power in states where lax enforcement of immigration laws attract large populations of undocumented  aliens. In calculating congressional apportionment, the Census Bureau counts a states total population, including both citizens and non-citizens of all ages. The apportionment population also includes U.S. Armed Forces personnel and federal civilian employees stationed outside the United States — along with their dependents living with them — that can be allocated, based on administrative records, back to a home state. The Foreign-Born Population in the Census To the Census Bureau, the U.S. foreign-born population includes anyone who was not a U.S. citizen at birth. This includes people who later became U.S. citizens through naturalization. Everyone else makes up the native-born population, composed of anyone who is a U.S. citizen at birth, including people born in the United States, Puerto Rico, a U.S. Island Area, or abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.