George Burroughs - Salem Witch Trials

George Burroughs - Salem Witch Trials George Burroughs was the main clergyman executed as a major aspect of the Salem Witch Trials on August 19, 1692. He was around 42 years of age.â Before the Salem Witch Trials George Burroughs, a 1670 Harvard graduate, experienced childhood in Roxbury, MA; his mom came back to England, leaving him in Massachusetts. His first spouse was Hannah Fisher; they had nine youngsters. He filled in as a pastor in Portland, Maine, for a long time, enduring King Philips War and joining different outcasts in moving farther south for wellbeing. He accepting an occupation as priest of the Salem Village Church in 1680 and his agreement was restored the following year. There was no parsonage yet, so George and Hannah Burroughs moved into the home of John Putnam and his better half Rebecca. Hannah kicked the bucket in labor in 1681, leaving George Burroughs with an infant and two other youngsters. He needed to get cash for his wifes burial service. As anyone might expect, he remarried soon. His subsequent spouse was Sarah Ruck Hathorne, and they had four youngsters. As had occurred with his forerunner, the main clergyman to serve Salem Villages independently from Salem Town, the congregation would not appoint him and he left in a harsh compensation battle, at one point being captured for obligation, however individuals from the assemblage paid his bail. He left in 1683, moving back to Falmouth. John Hathorne served on the congregation advisory group to discover Burroughs substitution. George Burroughs moved to Maine, to serve the congregation in Wells. This was close to enough the fringe with French Canada that the danger of French and Indian war parties was genuine. Kindness Lewis, who lost family members in one of the assaults on Falmouth, fled to Casco Bay, with a gathering that included Burroughs and her folks. The Lewis family at that point moved to Salem, and when Falmouth appeared to be protected, moved back. In 1689, George Burroughs and his family endure another attack, yet Mercy Lewis guardians were slaughtered and she started to function as a worker for George Burroughss family. One hypothesis is that she saw her folks slaughtered. Leniency Lewis later moved to Salem Village from Maine, joining numerous different displaced people, and turned into a hireling with the Putnams of Salem Village. Sarah kicked the bucket in 1689, most likely additionally in labor, and Burroughs moved with his family to Wells, Maine. He wedded a third time; with this spouse, Mary, he had a little girl. Burroughs was clearly acquainted with certain works of Thomas Ady, reproachful of black magic arraignments, whom he later cited at his preliminary: A Candle in the Dark, 1656; A Perfect Discovery of Witches, 1661; and The Doctrine of Devils, 1676. The Salem Witch Trials On April 30, 1692, a few of the young ladies of Salem leveled allegations of black magic at George Burroughs. He was captured on May 4 in Maine - family legend says while he was dining with his family - and was persuasively come back to Salem, to be imprisoned there on May 7. He was blamed for such goes about as lifting loads past what might be humanly conceivable to lift. Some around figured he may be the dull man discussed in huge numbers of the allegations. On May 9, George Burroughs was analyzed by judges Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne; Sarah Churchill was inspected that day. His treatment of his initial two spouses was one subject of the cross examination; another was his alleged unnatural quality. The young ladies affirming against him said that his initial two spouses and the wife and offspring of his replacement at Salem Churchâ visited as ghosts and blamed Burroughs for executing them. He was blamed for not absolving the vast majority of his youngsters. He fought his honesty. Burroughs was moved to Boston prison. The following day, Margaret Jacobs was inspected, and she involved George Burroughs. On August 2, the Court of Oyer and Terminer heard the body of evidence against Burroughs, just as bodies of evidence against John and Elizabeth Proctor, Martha Carrier, George Jacobs, Sr. furthermore, John Willard. On August 5, George Burroughs was arraigned by a stupendous jury; at that point a preliminary jury saw him and five others as liable of black magic. Thirty-five residents of Salem Village marked a request to the court, yet it didn't move the court. The six, including Burroughs, were condemned to death. After the Trials On August 19, Burroughs was taken to Gallows Hill to be executed. In spite of the fact that there was a generally held conviction that a genuine witch couldn't recount the Lords Prayer, Burroughs did as such, dumbfounding the group. After Boston serve Cotton Mather consoled the group that his execution was the aftereffect of a court choice, Burroughs was hanged. George Burroughs was hangedâ the same day as were John Proctor, George Jacobs, Sr., John Willard and Martha Carrier. The following day, Margaret Jacobs retracted her declaration against both Burroughs and her granddad, George Jacobs, Sr. Likewise with the others executed, he was thrown into a typical, plain grave. Robert Calef later said that he had been covered so inadequately that his jawline and hand distended from the beginning. In 1711,â theâ legislatureâ of the Province of Massachusetts Bayâ restored all rights to the individuals who had been denounced in the 1692 witch preliminaries. Included were George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Elizabeth How, Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker, Martha Carrier, Abigail Faulkner, Anne (Ann) Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury, and Dorcas Hoar. The governing body likewise offered pay to the beneficiaries of 23 of those indicted, in the measure of  £600. George Burroughs youngsters were among those.

Community Relations about Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Relations about Policing - Essay Example the individuals who are distinguished to work intimately with the police and participate in policing exercises have had the option to recognize and report the offenders. In any case, there are as yet those exercises that are directed by the police which will in general impede the achievement paces of network policing. This paper will talk about some of the issues to decide how they can be disposed of to guarantee that the dreams and missions of network policing are accomplished. It isn't just fitting that the police official gives high need to guaranteeing that the cops stay responsible, yet additionally fundamental that they get by as the pioneer of the police division. It is thus that there is a need to cooperate with different individuals from the police power just as the individuals from the open who collaborate with the conceivable law wrongdoers. One of the issues that the police boss continually stress over is the nonstop utilization of severity and unnecessary utilization of police power and powers. For this situation, the vast majority of the cops and approach producers need to think about such qualities of network policing that undermine the responsibility of cops (Peter, 2009). One of the most crucial issues in the individual cop or the whole gathering is the capacity to be responsible. This is the ground whereupon police administrators are performed. The extent of this is the cops are likewise the open specialists who have been approved by people in general to guarantee that they are remained careful consistently. For this situation, they are even obliged to utilize power when it gets important. In any case, a portion of the people exploit this position and are therefore engaged with exercises that uncover the abuse of their forces. Since a portion of these can't be distinguished by the directors or might be hard to find out the degree with which such administrations are given, the general population should be made mindful of what's in store. This likewise frames some portion of the network

Causes of Repetition Blindness

Causes of Repetition Blindness Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Causes of Repetition Blindness By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 03, 2020 Andy Roberts / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Have you ever had this happen to you? Youve spent weeks working on a research paper and have proofread it multiple times before handing it in for grading. When your instructor returns your paper, you discover that you made a mistake and repeated the words the the in a sentence resulting in points lost over a simple editing error. Frustrating, isnt it? This type of mistake is actually surprisingly common in what is known as a rapid serial visual presentation display, most often lists of words and sentences. In certain instances, people are actually remarkably poor at detecting repetitions. This failure to notice a second instance of the same thing in a series of words or images is known as repetition blindness. For example, read the following: I love Paris in the the Spring. Did you spot the second instance of the word the? These repetitions slip by us far too often, but why do we so frequently fail to spot two instances of the same word or image? Explanations for Repetition Blindness What exactly causes repetition blindness? A few different explanations have been suggested. One of the most basic accounts for repetition blindness is that the second occurrence of the word is not recognized as a distinct event, so the second word essentially become assimilated with the first occurrence of the word. For example, in the sentence she ate the noodles and chicken even though the noodles were undercooked, many participants would show very poor recall of the second instance of the word noodles. Some of the more prominent theories to explain repetition blindness: Researcher Nancy Kanwisher proposes that the phenomenon is the result of a perceptual problem often referred to as the types and tokens hypothesis. According to this approach, each stimulus in a sequence is recognized by the instance (token) of a category (type). When the same stimulus is repeated, it is identified by type but not tokenized. Because of this, the second appearance of an item is quickly lost from short-term memory before it can be recognized.Fagot and Pashler, on the other hand, argue that repetition blindness is the result of the memory-retrieval failure. In one experiment, they found that observers displayed repetition blindness for the second occurrence of a letter if subjects attempted to repeat the letters in the order of presentation. This effect disappeared if the participants repeated the letters in reverse order.Other researchers including Whittlesea suggest that poor encoding cues lead to an inability to accurately reconstruct a sequence. Observations Repetition blindness not only causes observers to miss words or letters, but it can also cause observers to create illusory words. For example, if the words lake, brake, and ush are presented rapidly, one after another, for about 100 msec with a 15 to 39 msec break between the words, observers report seeing lake and brush and are astonished when told that brush was never presented. (Revlin, 2013)

Feminism Of The 1960 S 1980 - 1507 Words

A.Abstract Feminism in the 1960’s-1980’s is a very different concept than Feminism in the 21st century. Back in the 60’s, feminism meant to fight for equal rights. Now, modern feminism means women-dominance. While the dictionary definition of feminism is â€Å"a range of political movements, ideologies and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women†, many modern feminists take this to the point of fighting for the â€Å"right† for women to dominate men. Many modern feminists support female superiority, rudeness, and demonizing men. B. First Wave of Feminism In the early 19th century, women were expected to have at least seven children. Higher level education was very unlikely. Women could not own property. American women were restricted in about every aspect of life. Their one goal was to marry well and start a family. Wages for women, if they did worked, were very, very low. It was not until the Married Woman’s Property Act, (1860) which legalized property ownership, joint custody and wage retention for women. The Seneca Falls convention was the first women’s right convention, which all attention to unfair treatment of women. First wave feminists were everything from radical liberals to conservatives. They got past their differences in the spirit of working together for womens’ rights. They were very willing to work within the political system and they understoodShow MoreRelatedThe Second Wave Of Feminism799 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay examines the question, â€Å"To what extent was the second wave of fem inism (in the 1960’s and 1970’s) successful in achieving equality for women?† The essay is introduced by describing why the second wave of feminism developed and the aims of this second wave of feminist. The essay is broken into two parts. The first part of the essay discusses the impact of women s rights activist on legislation. It is argued that the second wave feminist were unsuccessful in gaining equality in terms ofRead MoreThe Womens Liberation Movement1026 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the 60’s and 70’s carrying on to the 90’s. Without the Women’s Liberation Movement women wouldn’t have received changes in laws primarily regarding employment impacting on them moving forward in terms of equal opportunities. However there is still a there is still process to be made concerning employment and social roles for women to have equal rights as men. The Women’s Liberation Movement started in the 60’s during the second wave of feminism. Even though the 70’s were a time of changeRead MorePolitics Vs Patriarchy : A Comparison Of The Feminist Movements From The 1900 S1316 Words   |  6 PagesPolitics vs Patriarchy: A Comparison of the Feminist Movements from the 1900’s to Today â€Å"A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle.† -Gloria Steinem Feminism; a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. The history of feminist movements has been divided into three waves by feminist scholars. The first wave refers to the feminist movementRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreFinally, Black Feminism Highlights The Unique Experiences1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Black feminism highlights the unique experiences of Black women, but it lies in its commitment to justice, not just for Black women but for that of other similarly oppressed groups. An essential idea within Black feminism is intersectionality in that they argue that race, class, gender, sexuality, etc. are bound together (Garcia, 2016). In other words, white women and black women do n ot share identical experiences, despite all being female. 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It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century†¦ Each suburban housewife struggled with it alone†¦ she was afraid to even ask of herself the silent question – ‘Is this all?’† Authors such as Betty Friedan wrote about their struggles in novels and articles in theRead MoreWhy Stories Matter Convincingly Questions The Belief That Securing More Accurate Narratives Of The Past Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesproduction of academic feminism, cannot be included as part of its history. Why should the scope of feminist history be limited to only what feminist scholars have published? Important factors in feminist history may be found elsewhere thus Hemmings’s citation tactics ought to be employed there as well. The Fantasy of Feminist History: Conceptual Tools for Feminist Historians Joan Wallach Scott’s The Fantasy of Feminist History is a collection of new and old essays that focus on Scott s use of psychoanalyticalRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started in

Using Nonrenewable Resources And Its Effects On The...

My artifact was a flip project designed for students so that they could learn about nonrenewable resources and how their uses affect the environment. This flip went along with the Illinois Learning Standard for Science 4-ESS3-1, â€Å"To obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resource and their uses affect the environment.† I completed this artifact in August of 2014. I did a SMARTBoard lesson flip project and recorded it in a video so that students would be able to watch it at their own pace, unlike in class lecture. I combined an audio of my voice, a power point like presentation, lots of realistic photos, graphics, and gave many examples to enhance my students’ learning. I provided them with real-life examples so that they would have better knowledge and understanding on the subject matter before we met in class. By doing the lesson in a video, we would be able to have more time for activities and for students to share their ideas. Along with the video lesson plan I also created a quiz so that I could assess what the students learned after watching the video. According to the Illinois Professional Teaching Standard Knowledge Indicator 5C, â€Å"knows how to implement effective differentiated instruction through the use of a wide variety of materials, technologies, and resources,† I met the qualifications and demonstrated my understanding of this standard. I did use multiple tools in my artifact so that I could provideShow MoreRelatedRenewable Fuels And The Energy Issue1583 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigating whether a renewable fuel produces the same level of energy as an equivalent amount of nonrenewable fuel would be beneficial to help save Earth’s natural resources and is a very relevant and important science project. The purpose of this project is to figure out which type of fuels is most efficient. In my science project, I will be burning various types of renewable fue ls and non- renewable fuels and comparing the duration that they burn and comparing the temperature that they burnRead MoreGrowing energy demands, rising energy costs, and increasing concern about global climate change900 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove environment quality. Although nonrenewable energy resources are the main supplier to our energy system, they have many adverse effects on society and the economy. Nonrenewable energy resources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, have become our main energy source for a long time. We are used to cheap electricity and gas stations at every corner; however, it comes with a price. The first and most important issue is to conserve. Eventually, all nonrenewable energy resources will beRead MoreLandforms In Nebraskaa Lab Report838 Words   |  4 Pagesinfestation) on the human and physical environment. †¢ NESS 4.3.5.c Classify resources as renewable or nonrenewable resources. Materials: Social Studies-States and Regions- Fourth Grade. 2003 Know: Hemisphere Equator Prime Meridian Continent Relative Location Gulf Strait Isthmus Types of landforms Sea Level Piedmont Parts of a river Erosion Floodplain Tributary Hurricane Natural Resource Scarce Conservation Renewable Nonrenewable Understand: †¢ Students will understandRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects985 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Earth caused by the greenhouse effect due to the increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. There are many variables that are to be blamed for the cause of global warming. Because of rapid growth of population, people started industrializing and revolutionizing the way we live. In order to take care of the high demand of the needs of everybody, people started using and burning natural resources and fossil fuels. Overtime, these resources have been becoming even scarcer andRead MoreThe World After Running Out Of Fossil Fuels Would Be A1602 Words   |  7 Pagesfind new energy resources. Nowadays, many countries are reliant on energy from conventional sources like crude oil, natural gas, and coal. These sources are limited and they eventually will run out at some point in the future. Considering this fact and increasing demands for energy, the search for new energy resources is reasonable and it should be taken seriously. In recent years, renewable energy resources have proven as an interesting alternative to conventional energy resources. Renewable energyRead MoreHuman Population And Its Impact On The Environment921 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation grows to the point where it extends past the limit, the environment no longer has the capacity to support them and individuals must die to stabilize the population. Humans are no exception to this rule, as their populations are constrained by such density dependent factors as the availability of food, land, and other resources. Growth in the human population in particular, profoundly worsens the effect on the environment as well, based on the IPAT equation which states that population directlyRead MoreHuman Activity and Energy Sources968 Words   |  4 PagesEarth’s resources, for instance water, productive farming land and energy, outlines the basic foundations of our continued existence on earth. However, with the continued human activities, for example logging and charcoal burning, these resources are quickly being depleted. 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It was perviously thought carbon dioxide created warming however this is strongly disputed now as the correlation between

Elements Influencing The Research Essay - 758 Words

Elements influencing the believability of the research The article is well written, grammatically correct, well organized and succinct. The article uses no jargons and is very influencing. The article is well organized and contains all the necessary heading. The qualification and position of the author indicates a degree of knowledge in the effect of drugs on brain activities in Alzheimer’s disease. The title of the report is composed with eleven words, is of medium length. It is accurate, clear and unambiguous. The abstract provides overall view of the study conducted. It includes method, finding, conclusion and recommendation for future. However, purpose of the study and sample size and selection of the sample is not included in the abstract. Elements influencing the robustness of the research The purpose of study is clear and indicates what is to be studied. It states that the study was conducted to understand the possible mechanisms of action of different pharmacological regimes. The research report is not full report. It is a summary so it includes the introduction with few literatures and the purpose of study followed by the methodology section, the data analysis, the findings and discussion. There is a clear link between each heading but the theoretical framework, the research question and conclusion with further study is missing. There is no separate literature review. However, the literature used in the introduction portion develops the importance of why theShow MoreRelatedPSY 301 Week 5 Final Paper Social Psychology Bringing It All Together618 Words   |  3 Pageswith the subject matter of social psychology.†(p.22) This is a formal research paper and must be eight to ten pages in length. Imagine that this paper will be used as a reference for individuals wh o are completely unfamiliar with social psychology principles. This paper will provide them with an overview of the field, and explain the key principles associated with its practice. 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Compensation Management free essay sample

Compensation does not refer, however, to other kinds of eployee rewards such as recognition ceremonies and achievement parties. The ultimate objectives of compensation administration are: efficient maintenance of a productive  workforce,  equitable pay, and compliance with federal, state, and local regulations based on what companies can afford. The basic concept of compensation administration—compensation management—is rather simple: employees perform tasks for employers and so companies pay employees wages for the jobs they do. Consequently, compensation is an exchange or a transaction, from which both parties—employers and employees—benefit: both parties receive something for giving something. Compensation, however, involves much more than this simple transaction. From the employers perspective, compensation is an issue of both affordability and  employee motivation. Companies must consider what they can reasonably afford to pay their employees and the ramifications of their decisions: will they affect  employee turnover  and productivity? In addition, some employers and managers believe pay can influence employee work ethic and behaviour and hence link compensation to performance. The increasing competitiveness of the labour market and turnover of employees had resulted in nightmare in compensation planning. Apart from this, the growing demands of the employees and competitive salaries offered by multinational companies had almost resulted in a compensation war in certain industries. Therefore, the human resources managers and tax experts have to evolve proper compensation planning for High end and qualified employees. The components of compensation have to be devised in such a way that, it focuses on the growing demands of employees while retaining the competitiveness and profitability of the company.Compensation management, also known as wage and salary administration, remuneration management, or reward management, is concerned with designing and implementing total compensation package. The traditional concept of wage and salary administration emphasised on only determination of wage and salary structures in organisational settings. Pay is a difficult topic of conversation in most organizations. In fact, the topic is altogether taboo in many workplaces. It simply isn’t discussed unless absolutely necessary. And, when it is necessary, such as when a pay raise (or lack of one) must be xplained to an employee, many managers find themselves at a loss for words. As the dreaded date of such a discussion approaches, managers may begin checking their sick time banks to see if they can disappear for a day or two. While it may be a touchy subject, pay is a critical factor in the work lives of employees. Jobs are accepted or rejected based in part on starting salary and the opportunity for future increases in pay. Employees compare their pay to that of others in the same line of work. They constantly compare their pay level to their level of contribution, trying to determine whether the ratio of give and receive is a fair one. While it may not be a frequent topic of open discussion, employees think about pay often. Components of compensation:- Basic wages/Salaries:- These refer to the cash component of the wage structure based on which other elements of compensation may be structured. It is normally a fixed amount which is subject to changes based on annual increments or subject to periodical pay hikes. Wages represent hourly rates of pay, and salary refers to the monthly rate of pay, irrespective of the number of hours put in by the employee. Wages and salaries are subject to the annual increments.They differ from employee to employee, and depend upon the nature of job, seniority, and merit. Dearness allowance:- The payment of dearness allowance facilitates employees and workers to face the price increase or inflation of prices of goods and services consumed by him. The onslaught of price increase has a major bearing on the living conditions of the labour. The increasing prices reduce the compensation to nothing and the money’s worth is coming down based on the level of inflation. The payment of dearness allowance, which may be a fixed percentage on the basic wage, enables the employees to face the increasing rices. Incentives:- Incentives are paid in addition to wages and salaries and are also called ‘payments by results’. Incentives depend upon productivity, sales, profit, or cost reduction efforts. There are: (a) Individual incentive schemes, and (b) Group incentive programmes. Individual incentives are applicable to specific employee performance. Where a given task demands group efforts for completion, incentives are paid to the group as a whole. The amount is later divided among group members on an equitable basis. Bonus:- The bonus can be paid in different ways.It can be fixed percentage on the basic wage paid annually or in proportion to the profitability. The Government also prescribes a minimum statutory bonus for all employees and workers. There is also a bonus plan which compensates the Managers and employees based on the sales revenue or Profit margin achieved. Bonus plans can also be based on piece wages but depends upon the productivity of labour. Non-monetary benefits:- These benefits give psychological satisfaction to employees even when financial benefit is not available.Such benefits are: (a) Recognition of merit through certificate, etc. (b) Offering challenging job responsibilities, (c) Promoting growth prospects, (d) Comfortable working conditions, (e) Competent supervision, and (f) Job sharing and flexi-time. Commissions:- Commission to Managers and employees may be based on the sales revenue or profits of the company. It is always a fixed percentage on the target achieved. For taxation purposes, commission is again a taxable component of compensation. The payment of commission as a component of commission is practised heavily on target based sales. Depending upon the targets achieved, companies may pay a commission on a monthly or periodical basis. Mixed plans:- Companies may also pay employees and others a combination of pay as well as commissions. This plan is called combination or mixed plan. Apart from the salaries paid, the employees may be eligible for a fixed percentage of commission upon achievement of fixed target of sales or profits or Performance objectives. Nowadays, most of the corporate sector is following this practice. This is also termed as variable component of compensation. Piece rate wages:-Piece rate wages are prevalent in the manufacturing wages. The laborers are paid wages for each of the Quantity produced by them. The gross earnings of the labour would be equivalent to number of goods produced by them. Piece rate wages improves productivity and is an absolute measurement of productivity to wage structure. The fairness of compensation is totally based on the productivity and not by other qualitative factors. Fringe benefits:- Fringe benefits may be defined as wide range of benefits and services that employees receive as an integral part of their total compensation package.They are based on critical job factors and performance. Fringe benefits constitute indirect compensation as they are usually extended as a condition of employment and not directly related to performance of concerned employee. Fringe benefits are supplements to regular wages received by the workers at a cost of employers. They include benefits such as paid vacation, pension, health and insurance plans, etc. Such benefits are computable in terms of money and the amount of benefit is generally not predetermined.The purpose of fringe benefits is to retain efficient and capable people in the organisation over a long period. They foster loyalty and acts as a security base for the employees. Profit Sharing: – Profit-sharing is regarded as a steppingstone to industrial democracy. Profit-sharing is an agreement by which employees receive a share, fixed in advance of the profits. Profit-sharing usually involves the determination of an organisation’s profit at the end of the fiscal year and the distribution of a percentage of the profits to the workers qualified to share in the earnings.The percentage to be shared by the workers is often predetermined at the beginning of the work period and IS often communicated to the workers so that they have some knowledge of their potential gains. To enable the workers to participate in profit-sharing, they are required to work for certain number of years and develop some seniority. The theory behind profit-sharing is that management feels its workers will fulfill their responsibilities more diligently if they realise that their efforts may result in higher profits, which will be returned to the workers through profit-sharing.Approaches of compensation management There are 3P approach of developing a compensation policy centered on the fundamentals of paying for Position, Person and Performance. Drawing from extern al market information and internal policies, this program helps establish guidelines for an equitable grading structure, determine capability requirements and creation of short and long-term incentive plans. The 3P approach to compensation management supports a company’s strategy, mission and objectives. It is highly proactive and fully integrated into a company’s management practices and business strategy.The 3P system ensures that human resources management plays a central role in management decision making and the achievement of business goals. Paying for position Paying for person Paying for performance Because it is so important to employees, the issue of pay deserves to be clearly addressed. In spite of their hesitance, managers are capable of dealing with this sometimes difficult issue in a professional and effective manner. By keeping the following basic points about pay in mind, they can address virtually any pay-related topic with their employees in a professional and productive manner.Specificity is Key Pay is a topic with many different shades and a variety of implications. Whenever approaching the subject, it is important to work out the details beforehand so that specifics can be clearly communicated. For the manager, this means that the increase amount is nailed down before discussing a promotion with an employee. No chance of misunderstanding or false expectations can be permitted. Far too often, managers are apt to discuss generalities. â€Å"It will mean a good increase. † What exactly does that mean in terms of the employee’s monthly budget?If care is not taken here, good news can become the source of conflict and resentment. By the same token, if asked for a raise, the manager should request that the employee suggest a specific number that he believes reflects his value. Once the employee provides that number, the manager can do his homework and decide what, if anything can be done. The employee can then be given a definitive response. Pay is Relative What one employee considers a fantastic increase maybe an insult to another? Each individual has a unique set of creativity and competencies.Pay should be based on the performance, position and the competencies/skills the person is having. Pay is Not Created Equal Various forms of pay have different purposes. The two most common forms of direct cash compensation in most companies are base pay and bonus. Base pay is the annual salary or hourly wage paid to an employee given the job he holds, While bonus is typically (or at least should be) rewarded based on the achievement of a goal of the organization. Discussions about bonus payments should be as specific as possible. This is the opportunity to point out particular accomplishments that contributed to overall team or company success. Even if the bonus is paid to all employees based on a simple overall company profit target, the manager should use the opportunity to point out specifically how individual employees helped achieve that target. Distributing bonus checks presents a unique motivational opportunity for a manager. Handing money to an employee while discussing actions and behaviors he would like to see repeated, creates a powerful link between performance and reward.Discussions about base pay increases can be a bit different. Most companies claim to link their annual base pay increases to performance. In reality, however, base pay decisions take into account a variety of factors, including the relative pay of others in the same job, the company’s increase budget, market practices and where the individual falls within his pay range. Even when performance is a factor, the manager is faced with the difficult task of evaluating an entire year’s worth of activity and then categorizing it according to the percentage increase options allowed by the budget.It becomes very difficult to pinpoint specific employee actions or accomplishments as the reason for the increase. For these reasons, it’s appropriate for the discussion about base pay increases to be more general and balanced. Both strengths and weaknesses of the employee should be addressed. The actual increase is then based on an overall assessment, as opposed to a link with one or two specific outcomes. Any other factors that impact the increase percent, such as budget or pay range should be openly discussed as well. Development of a Compensation PhilosophyAll organizations pay according to some underlying philosophy about jobs and the people who do them. This philosophy may not be in writing, but it certainly exists. Pay maybe treated in a formal and structured manner at one company. At another, any appearance of structure is intentionally avoided so that decisions can be made arbitrarily. Either way, the approach taken reflects a fundamental belief about people, motivation and management. Before an organization actually develops a compensation plan, there are several questions that need to be answered.Taking the time to consider and answer these questions will make the both the process of developing and administering a compensation plan much easier and will result in the development of a compensation plan that more closely matches the organization’s goals and objectives. Managers often want to view each individual as a separate case. It is important to understand, however, that employees operate within a compensation system. A manager is wise to take the time to learn as much as possible about his company’s compensation system.